gcc编译生成动态链接库,静态库步骤

    xiaoxiao2021-03-25  99

    废话不说,直接干货:

    首先touch三个文件test.h,test.c,main.c

    test.c文件内容:

    int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } int sub(int a, int b) { return a - b; } int mul(int a, int b) { return a * b; } int div(int a, int b) { return a / b; } test.h文件内容:

    #ifndef _TEST_H_ #define _TEST_H_ extern int add(int a, int b); extern int sub(int a, int b); extern int mul(int a, int b); extern int div(int a, int b); #endif main.c文件内容:

    #include <stdio.h> #include "test.h" int main () { int a, b; printf("please input a and b\n"); scanf("%d%d", &a, &b); printf("The add : %d\n", add(a, b)); printf("The sub : %d\n", sub(a, b)); printf("The mul : %d\n", mul(a, b)); printf("The div : %d\n", div(a, b)); return 0; } 总结使用gcc生成动态库及使用动态库的方法:

    step 1: 生成test.o目标文件,使用如下命令。此处需要添加-fPIC参数,该参数用于生成位置无关代码已共生成动态库使用:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -c -o test.o -fPIC test.c [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls app_static libtest.a main.c test.c test.h test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ file test.o test.o: ELF 64-bit LSB relocatable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), not stripped

    step 2: 使用-shared参数生成动态库,使用如下命令:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -shared -o libmyshare.so test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls app_static libmyshare.so libtest.a main.c test.c test.h test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ file libmyshare.so libmyshare.so: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=0x4053caa2d2d48b9b026576a69929a4a44abedcb0, not stripped上述两个命令可以合在一块,如下所示

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -shared -fPIC -o libmyshare.so test.c [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ file libmyshare.so libmyshare.so: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=0x4053caa2d2d48b9b026576a69929a4a44abedcb0, not stripped step 3: 编译main.c,使用libmyshare.so动态库:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -o app_share main.c -L. -lmyshare [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls app_share app_static libmyshare.so libtest.a main.c test.c test.h test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ldd app_share linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff3972c000) libmyshare.so => not found libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003039600000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003039200000) 使用ldd命令查看app_share使用的动态库,发现提示libmyshare无法找到,如果直接执行app_share,则出现如下错误:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ./app_share ./app_share: error while loading shared libraries: libmyshare.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory查看相关资料后,提示与LD_LIBRARY_PATH相关,首先使用export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH将当前目录加入LD_LIBRARY_PATH变量中。再次运行ldd app_share,如下: [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -o app_share main.c -L. -lmyshare [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ldd app_share linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff26b70000) libmyshare.so => not found libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003039600000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003039200000) [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH .: [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ldd app_share linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff55dbe000) libmyshare.so => ./libmyshare.so (0x00007fb8c3b18000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003039600000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003039200000) [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ./app_share please input a and b 4 2 The add : 6 The sub : 2 The mul : 8 The div : 2 注:注意观察export前后的两次ldd执行时,libmyshare.so的指向情况。

    另一种编译main.c,并链接libmyshare.so的方式如下(该方式通过./libmyshare.so直接指定使用当前目录下的libmyshare.so文件:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -o app_share main.c ./libmyshare.so [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ldd app_share linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff066c3000) ./libmyshare.so (0x00007f945b6b0000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003039600000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003039200000) [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ./app_share please input a and b 4 2 The add : 6 The sub : 2 The mul : 8 The div : 2 [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ 总结使用gcc生成静态库及使用静态库的方法:

    在此例中,test.c用于编译生成静态库libtest.a,test.h为libtest.a对应的头文件。

        step 1: 生成test.o目标文件,使用如下命令:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls main.c test.c test.h [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -c test.c -o test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls main.c test.c test.h test.o 在第一步中使用gcc -c test.c -o test.o首先生成test.o目标文件。

        step 2: 使用ar将test.o打包成libtest.a静态库,使用如下命令:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ar rcs -o libtest.a test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls libtest.a main.c test.c test.h test.o step 3:生成libtest.a静态库后,可以使用ar t参数查看libtest.a文件中包含哪些文件:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ar t libtest.a test.o [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$

    step 4: 编译main.c,并使用libtest.a静态库,链接时-l参数后不加空格指定所需链接的库,这里库名是libtest.a,但是只需要给出-ltest即可,ld会以libtest作为库的实际名字(例如-lm参数,实际表示链接libm库,也就是数学库):

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -o app_static main.c -L. -ltest [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls app_static libtest.a main.c test.c test.h test.o

    或使用如下方式编译main.c,并使用libtest.a静态库:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -o app_static main.c libtest.a [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ls app_static libtest.a main.c test.c test.h test.o step 5: 运行app_static:

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ ./app_static please input a and b 4 2 The add : 6 The sub : 2 The mul : 8 The div : 2 [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ step 6: 使用readelf 查看app_static的符号表,观察sub, add, mul, div等函数是否处于app_static的.text段中。注意,section headers中指出 .text代码段的编号是13,而再symbol table '.symtab'中则显示add, div, mul, sub均处于13段中,也就是.text代码段中。因此libtest.a静态库经过链接后对应的函数代码已加入app_static程序代码段中,此为静态链接。 [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ readelf -a app_static .... Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Address Offset Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align .... [13] .text PROGBITS 0000000000400520 00000520 0000000000000274 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 16 [14] .fini PROGBITS 0000000000400794 00000794 0000000000000009 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4 [15] .rodata PROGBITS 00000000004007a0 000007a0 0000000000000062 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8 .... [29] .strtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 00001fb8 000000000000027b 0000000000000000 0 0 1 Symbol table '.symtab' contains 72 entries: Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name .... 49: 00000000004006c4 20 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 add .... 53: 0000000000400701 19 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 div .... 64: 0000000000400610 179 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 main 65: 00000000004006ee 19 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 mul .... 70: 00000000004006d8 22 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 sub .... 注:《Linux C程序设计大全》中给出的三种链接静态库的方法在实际使用时均出现报错,如下所示

    [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc main.c -llibtest.a -o app /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -llibtest.a collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc main.c -ltest.a -o app /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -ltest.a collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc main.c -ltest -o app /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -ltest collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc -L. main.c -o app /tmp/ccEpq6Fp.o: In function `main': main.c:(.text+0x37): undefined reference to `add' main.c:(.text+0x57): undefined reference to `sub' main.c:(.text+0x77): undefined reference to `mul' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$ gcc main.c -static ./libtest.a -o app /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lc collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status [xgqin@xgqin-desktop so]$具体出错原因,个人推测应与ld相关。

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