环境： win7 + python2.7.13 + django-1.11
1、django-admin startproject mysite 创建工程
2、cd mysite
3、python manage.py runserver 判断django是否正确启动
4、python manage.py startapp polls 创建应用
5、notepad polls/views.py 创建目录视图index
from django.http import HttpResponse def index(request): return HttpResponse('Hello World! This is your first view, Please enjoy it')6、notepad mysite/settings.py 在INSTALLED_APPS添加'polls', 不要忘记逗号7、notepad mysite/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include from django.contrib import admin urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')), ]8、notepad polls/urls.py 创建并管理app的路由 from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'), ] 9、python manage.py runserver 并访问127.0.0.1:8000/polls/ 查看结果
10 、notepad polls/model.py 为app添加定义模型
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from __future__ import unicode_literals import datetime from django.db import models from django.utils import timezone # Create your models here. class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) # 话题内容 pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') # 话题时间 def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1) def __unicode__(self): # python manage.py shell return self.question_text class Choice(models.Model): question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE) # 话题 choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) # 选择项 votes = models.IntegerField(default=0) # 投票数 def __unicode__(self): return self.choice_text11、python manage.py makemigrations # 查看工程中模型变动情况，是否新增模型或模型新增属性等 ，需要注意的是，数据库数据未改变python manage.py sqlmigrations # 使用类sql语句表达数据库的变动情况，需要注意的是，数据库数据未改变
python manage.py migrate # 将上述模型改变引起的数据库异动，提交给数据库，需要注意的是，数据库数据已经改变
python manage.py createsuperuser # 创建超级用户，查看后台程序
python manage.py runserver 并访问 127.0.0.1:8000/admin，查看后台情况。由于此时应用虽被安装，但是应用模型并未注册，故无法看到应用情况
12、notepad polls/admin.py # 注册应用模型
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from __future__ import unicode_literals from django.contrib import admin from .models import Question, Choice # Register your models here. admin.site.register(Question) # 注册Question admin.site.register(Choice) # 注册Choice13、python manage.py shell # 进入django shell，插入编辑应用模型
import django
django.setup() # 启动django
from poll.models import Question, Choice
from django.utils import timezone
Question.objects,all()
q = Question(question_text='How old are you?', pub_date=timezont.now())
q.id q.question_text q.pub_date # 查询数据
q.save() # 保存数据，持久化到数据库
14、notepad polls/views.py # 为应用模型添加其余视图函数
def detail(request, question_id): return HttpResponse("You're looking at question %s." % question_id) def results(request, question_id): response = "You're looking at the results of question %s." return HttpResponse(response % question_id) def vote(request, question_id): return HttpResponse("You're voting on question %s." % question_id)15、notepad polls/urls.py # 为应用模型完善视图路由 url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail, name='detail'), # url函数，regex：正则表达式，view：视图函数， kwargs：额外参数(可选)， name：路由名称(可选 url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.results, name='results'), url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'),16、 python manage.py runserver 测试应用视图
17、修改模型视图函数，渲染html
from django.http import HttpResponse, Http404, HttpResponseRedirect from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404 from django.urls import reverse from django.template import loader from .models import Question def index(request): latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] # Question查询倒叙并曲前5个 template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html') context = { 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list, # 渲染列表 } return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request)) def detail(request, question_id): try: question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id) except Question.DoesNotExist: raise Http404("Question does not exist") return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question}) # 比较render和HttpResponse def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) # 比较get_object_or_404 和 details函数中的try、except return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question}) def vote(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) try: selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'question': question, 'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.", }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() # 数据保存，持久化 return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,))) # 重定向17、为应用添加html前端页面
notepad polls/templates/polls/index.html
{% if latest_question_list %} <ul> {% for question in latest_question_list %} <li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li> {% endfor %} </ul> {% else %} <p>No polls are available.</p> {% endif %} notepad polls/templates/polls/detail.html <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %} <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}"/> <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br/> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="Vote" /> </form> notepad polls/templates/polls/results.html <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>18、python manage.py runserver 查看测试情况
19、使用django模型的通用视图ListView、DetailView，简化代码
notepad polls/views.py
class IndexView(generic.ListView): template_name = 'polls/index.html' # 模版名称 context_object_name = 'latest_question_list' # html中待渲染的变量 def get_queryset(self): return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] class DetailView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/detail.html' class ResultsView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/results.html' 20、修改应用路由notepad polls/urls.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from django.conf.urls import url from . import views app_name = 'polls' # app命名空间，html可直接使用 url 'polls:index' 访问inde视图，对于detail、results、vote同理 urlpatterns = [ url(r'^$', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'), url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'), url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'), url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'), ] 21、python manage.py runserver 测试