C++回调机制的几种实现方式

    xiaoxiao2021-12-01  23

    Callback

    Callback的本质是设置一个函数指针进去,然后在需要触发某个事件时调用该方法, 比如Windows的窗口消息处理函数就是这种类型。 比如下面的示例代码,我们在Download完成时需要触发一个通知外面的事件:

    typedef void (__stdcall *DownloadCallback)(const char* pURL, bool bOK); void DownloadFile(const char* pURL, DownloadCallback pCallback) { …… pCallback (pURL, true); } void __stdcall OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK) { …… }

    Sink

    Sink的本质是你按照对方要求实现一个C++接口,然后把你实现的接口设置给对方,对方需要触发事件时调用该接口, COM中连接点就是居于这种方式。还是以上面的Download为例(你调用对方的下载类实现下载功能):

    /*对方要求的接口*/ class IDownloadSink { public: virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK) = 0; }; /*对方的实现*/ class CMyDownloader { public: CMyDownloader(IDownloadSink* pSink) : m_pSink(pSink) { } void DownloadFile(const char* pURL) { …… if(m_pSink != NULL) m_pSink->OnDownloadFinished(pURL, true); } private: IDownloadSink* m_pSink; }; /*你的实现*/ class CMyFile: public IDownloadSink { public: void Download() { CMyDownloader downloader(this); downloader.DownloadFile("www.baidu.com"); } virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK) { …… } };

    Delegate

    Delegate的本质是设置成员函数指针给对方,然后让对方在需要触发事件时调用。C#中用Delegate的方式实现Event,让C++程序员很是羡慕,C++中因为语言本身的关系,要实现Delegate还是很麻烦的。上面的例子我们用Delegate的方式实现如下:

    class CDownloadDelegateBase { public: virtual void Fire(const char* pURL, bool bOK) = 0; }; /*模板类,实现代理函数的调用*/ template<typename O, typename T> class CDownloadDelegate: public CDownloadDelegateBase { typedef void (T::*Fun)(const char*, bool); public: CDownloadDelegate(O* pObj = NULL, Fun pFun = NULL) :m_pFun(pFun), m_pObj(pObj) { } virtual void Fire(const char* pURL, bool bOK) { if(m_pFun != NULL && m_pObj != NULL) { (m_pObj->*m_pFun)(pURL, bOK); } } private: Fun m_pFun; O* m_pObj; }; /*模板函数,创建代理*/ template<typename O, typename T> CDownloadDelegate<O,T>* MakeDelegate(O* pObject, void (T::*pFun)(const char* pURL, bool)) { return new CDownloadDelegate<O, T>(pObject, pFun); } /*代理函数管理*/ typedef vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*> CDownloadDelegates; class CDownloadEvent { public: ~CDownloadEvent() { CDownloadDelegates::iterator it = m_arDelegates.begin(); while (it != m_arDelegates.end()) { delete *it; ++it; } m_arDelegates.clear(); } void operator += (CDownloadDelegateBase* p) { m_arDelegates.push_back(p); } void operator -= (CDownloadDelegateBase* p) { CDownloadDelegates::iterator it = remove(m_arDelegates.begin(), m_arDelegates.end(), p); while (it != m_arDelegates.end()) { delete *it; ++it; } m_arDelegates.erase(it, m_arDelegates.end()); } void operator()(const char* pURL, bool bOK) { CDownloadDelegates::iterator it = m_arDelegates.begin(); while (it != m_arDelegates.end()) { (*it)->Fire(pURL, bOK); ++it; } } private: CDownloadDelegates m_arDelegates; }; class CMyDownloaderEx { public: void DownloadFile(const char* pURL) { …… downloadEvent(pURL, true); } CDownloadEvent downloadEvent; }; /*应用*/ class CMyFileEx { public: void download() { CMyDownloaderEx downloader; /*添加代理函数*/ downloader.downloadEvent += MakeDelegate(this, &CMyFileEx::OnDownloadFinished); downloader.DownloadFile("www.baidu.com"); } virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK) { …… } };

    可以看到Delegate的方式代码量比上面其他2种方式多多了,并且上面是固定参数数量和类型的实现方式,如果要实现可变参数,要更加麻烦的多,具体可参考: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/11464/Yet-Another-C-style-Delegate-Class-in-Standard-C http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/7150/Member-Function-Pointers-and-the-Fastest-Possible

    std::function(since C++ 11, vs2010)

    template< class R, class... Args > class function<R(Args...)>

    类模板std :: function是一个通用的多态函数包装器。std :: function的实例可以存储,复制和调用任何可调用的目标:函数、lambda表达式、绑定表达式或其他函数对象。

    #include <functional> #include <iostream> struct Foo { Foo(int num) : num_(num) {} void print_add(int i) const { std::cout << num_+i << '\n'; } int num_; }; void print_num(int i) { std::cout << i << '\n'; } int main() { // store a free function std::function<void(int)> f1 = print_num; f1(-9); // store a lambda std::function<void()> f2 = []() { print_num(123); }; f2(); // store the result of a call to std::bind std::function<void()> f3 = std::bind(print_num, 12345); f3(); // store a call to a member function std::function<void(const Foo&, int)> f4 = &Foo::print_add; Foo foo(13579); f4(foo, 1); }

    std::mem_fn (since C++ 11, vs2010)

    template< class R, class T > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R T::* pm); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...)); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) const); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) volatile); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) const volatile); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) &); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) const &); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) volatile &); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) const volatile &); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) &&); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) const &&); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) volatile &&); template< class R, class T, class... Args > /*unspecified*/ mem_fn(R (T::* pm)(Args...) const volatile &&);

    函数模板std :: mem_fn生成指向成员函数的指针的包装对象,它可以存储,复制和调用指向成员函数的指针。 在调用std :: mem_fn时,可以使用对象的引用和指针(包括智能指针)。

    /* Use mem_fn to store and execute a member function:*/ #include <functional> #include <iostream> struct Foo { void display_greeting() { std::cout << "Hello, world.\n"; } void display_number(int i) { std::cout << "number: " << i << '\n'; } }; int main() { Foo foo; auto func_greet = std::mem_fn(&Foo::display_greeting); func_greet(foo); auto func_display = std::mem_fn(&Foo::display_number); func_display(foo, 42); } #include <iostream> #include <functional> #include <iterator> #include <memory> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> int main() { /*Pass a member function to std::transform to create a sequence of numbers:*/ std::vector<std::string> words = {"It", "is", "a", "test"}; std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::string>> words2; words2.emplace_back(new std::string("another")); words2.emplace_back(new std::string("test")); std::vector<std::size_t> lengths; std::transform(words.begin(), words.end(), std::back_inserter(lengths), std::mem_fn(&std::string::size)); // uses references to strings std::transform(words2.begin(), words2.end(), std::back_inserter(lengths), std::mem_fn(&std::string::size)); // uses unique_ptr to strings std::cout << "The string lengths are "; for(auto n : lengths) std::cout << n << ' '; std::cout << '\n'; } template<class InputIt, class OutputIt, class UnaryOperation> OutputIt transform(InputIt first1, InputIt last1, OutputIt d_first, UnaryOperation unary_op) { while (first1 != last1) { *d_first++ = unary_op(*first1++); } return d_first; }

    小结

    1) Callback方法是面向过程的,使用简单而且灵活,正如C语言本身; 2) Sink方法是面向对象的,在C++里使用较多, 可以在一个Sink里封装一组回调接口,适用于一系列比较固定的回调事件; 3) Delegate方法也是面向对象的,和Sink封装一组接口不同,Delegate的封装是以函数为单位,粒度比Sink更小更灵活; 4) std::function和std::bind组合使用也可以实现类似函数指针的功能,但却却比函数指针更加灵活,特别是函数指向类的非静态成员函数时(本质上讲全局函数和静态成员函数没有区别,使用方法上除了静态成员函数在引用时要在前面加域作用符classname::外,没有其它任何区别;事实上全局函数也有可能放入命名空间或者使用全局域作用符,例如 namespace::function() 或::function,这样不仅本质上相同,形势上也与静态成员函数一致了)。在Effective C++中ITEM35建议使用该方法实现Strategy模式,实际上也可以用于代替callback 函数模仿C#中的event对象,而这里只能实现一个函数,实际上如果function<>模板实现了operator+以后,再在 function对象中维护一个列表,便可以实现C#中的event特性,即Delegate。

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